Pietro Della Valle was the typical renaissance man. Born into an aristocratic family in Rome in 1586, he acquired the typical classical education of the era. He mastered Greek, Latin, and epic mythology and became a Biblical scholar. But his fame rests on his accomplishments as a versifier, composer and musicologist. Much later in life, Pietro Valle also earned renown as a prolific author of travelogues and as a prodigious collector of rare manuscripts and books.
Valle’s journey as a travel writer was the outcome of unrequited love. We have no information about the lady who spurned him but we know that he contemplated suicide in Naples. His physician friend, Mario Schipano, also became the physician of his wounded heart. He counselled him to travel the world. The idea instantly appealed to Pietro and as a devout Christian, he made a vow to visit Jerusalem.
That was the beginning of an extensive journey that he embarked upon in 1614. He visited Constantinople, Alexandria, Cairo, Mount Sinai, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, Baghdad, Nineveh, Hamadan, and Isfahan. He took a wife in Baghdad and was treated as a state guest by the Persian king, Shah Abbas. The biting winter of 1620 imperilled his health and he decided to return to Italy. The next year, his wife, aged just 23, died. Pietro was heartbroken a second time. A month later, he was again struck by a serious illness and collapsed in the city of Lar. However, an exceptionally gifted doctor nursed him back to health.
In the winter of 1623, Pietro climbed on an English ship named Whale, headed to Surat from Shiraz. His return journey to Italy would be via India.
Our story begins at this point.
Pietro Valle stayed in India for a year. But he only travelled in a small slice within India. He operated mainly from Surat and Gomantaka (Goa) but journeyed for some months along the coastline of Cochin, Kozhikode, Mangalore and Honnavara. At Honnavara, he was introduced to Vitthala Shenoy, the Ambassador of the powerful Keladi king, Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka. This meeting has proven fortuitous for history. Pietro’s detailed record of his journey into the heart of Venkatappa Nayaka’s kingdom is one of the invaluable primary sources for understanding the political situation of Malnad and coastal Karnataka of the early 17th century.
The overall picture is not flattering. Political instability, fragmentation and internecine wars among small Hindu kingdoms are the hallmarks of this period. Half a century after the annihilation of the Vijayanagara Empire, all its former feudatories are baying for one another’s blood. Hopelessly disunited, they have to singly battle threats from multiple sources including Muslim chieftains and the Portuguese, who have emerged as a formidable power.
Pietro Valle’s meticulous narrative helps us flesh out these political currents apart from his descriptions of the society he witnessed. His eye for detail is razor-sharp. He misses nothing including the colour of leaves and shrubs and water bodies and hillocks and crevices. His description of the scenic beauty of the Gerusoppa landscape (home to the world-famous Jog Falls) is truly outstanding for its vividness and lifelike quality. We notice the same narrative tenor in his descriptions of its temples, people, festivals, customs, and society.
However, there is a cautionary element in this narrative. Pietro was a devout Catholic Christian and his natural prejudice against heathens freely flows in his explanations of Hindu festivals and deities.
Here is a short list of the topics he writes about (the titles listed below are reproduced verbatim):
• Description of the journey up the Gerusoppa River
• Ascent of the Ghat
• Beautiful scenery
• Temple and statue of Hanuman
• Female saint
• Indian fencing match
• Indian torches
• Night spent under trees
• Myrobalan trees described
One of the charming anecdotes is related to the method of primary education that Pietro witnessed in the Gerusoppa region.
Pietro Valle and his entourage have taken rest at a fort (now unidentifiable) in the Ghats in Gerusoppa. The next morning, they resume their onward journey to Ikkeri, the capital of Venkatappa Nayaka. Their luggage is being loaded on oxen and Pietro needs to wait for a considerable time till the whole operation is over.
Having nothing to do, he engages himself by visiting a beautiful Hanuman Temple in the vicinity of the fort. This is what he observes: “I entertained myself in the porch of the Temple, beholding little boys learning Arithmetic after a strange manner, which I will here relate. “They were four boys, all taken the same lesson from the Master.
In order to get that lesson by heart and repeat likewise, their earlier lessons and not forget them, one of them was singing musically with a certain continued tone. This has the force of making a deep impression in the memory. The boy recited part of the lesson. For example, ‘One by itself makes one.’ Whilst he was thus speaking, he wrote down the same number, not with any kind of Pen, nor on Paper, but (not to spend paper in vain) with his finger on the ground. For that purpose, the pavement was strewn all over with very fine sand.
“After the first boy had writ what he sung, all the rest sung and writ down the same thing together. Then the first boy sung and writ down another part of the lesson; as, for example, ‘Two by itself make two.’ All the other boys recited in the same manner, and so forward in order.
“When the pavement was full of figures, they erased them with the hand. If need arose, they strewed sand from a little heap which they had before them wherewith to write further. And thus they did as long as the exercise continued.
“They told me, they learnt to read and write without spilling Paper, Pens, or Ink, which certainly is a pretty way. I asked them, if they happened to forget, or be mistaken in any part of the lesson, who corrected and taught them? They were all scholars without the assistance of any Master at the moment. They answered me and said: true, it was not possible for all four of them to forget, or make a mistake in the same part of the lesson. Thus, they exercised together so that if one happened to be wrong, the others might correct him. Indeed this is a pretty, easy and secure way of learning.”
What Pietro Valle witnessed in those wild hills of Gerusoppa in the 17th century was simply the time-tested Indian method of learning. Marvellous in its simplicity and an incredibly powerful method whereby what you have learned stays with you forever. This is precisely what an astonished Monier Williams witnessed and recorded two centuries later. This is also how the stalwarts of the Modern Indian Renaissance such as Jadunath Sarkar, D.V. Gundappa, R.C. Majumdar and P.V. Kane learned in their boyhood. It has intrinsic effectiveness and an innate capacity to strengthen the mental and intellectual faculty at a very early age. This method of primary education was not limited only to Arithmetic.
It is profoundly tragic that this method has all but disappeared in our era of reckless reliance on machines.
The author is the founder and chief editor, The Dharma Dispatch. Views expressed in the above piece are personal and solely that of the author. They do not necessarily reflect News18’s views.
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